摘要
肝内胆管癌(ICC)是一种高度恶性的原发性肝脏肿瘤,预后较差。近年来,有关ICC的研究呈井喷之势,PubMed数据库中有关ICC论文的发表数量逐年递增,但研究进展主要集中在分子机制和系统治疗领域,有关ICC的外科治疗进展相对缓慢。在传统的临床认知中,ICC被普遍当作单一疾病类别来看待,围绕ICC有相当多的争议,包括流行病学特征、临床病理特征、分子生物学特征等,而正确合理的分类是ICC研究的基石。本文梳理了国内外相关文献,围绕ICC的有关争议,从多个方面对其异质性进行阐述。
肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)是发生在二级胆管及其分支上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,其中腺癌最为常见。ICC占原发性肝癌的10%~20
日本肝癌研究协作组形态学上将ICC分为肿块型、管周浸润型、管内生长型及混合型四
回顾目前有关ICC的临床研究,普遍具有一定缺陷。一项国际多中心研
ICC侵犯肝门部胆管与肝门部胆管癌虽然在手术方案上相似,却是截然不同的疾病。1965年,耶鲁大学医学院的内科医生Klatski
另有一项纳入250例肝门部胆管癌患者的回顾性研
CLC是一种特殊类型的外周型ICC,多年来对这种分型认知不足,常见描述也见于肝内细胆管癌(cholangiolocellular carcinoma,CCA)、肝细胞-胆管细胞混合型肝癌、胆小管型胆管癌。通常认为,绝大多数CLC直径明显小于隔胆管,明显大于Hering管及胆小管,但真正意义上CLC比例极少,特点为肿瘤腺管直径<15 μm,无HCC成分,c-Kit免疫染色阳性率
ICC的不同形态及方位影响着预后。大数据分
IPNB是胆管癌前病变的罕见独特亚型。IPNB被认为起源于胆管上皮细胞,通常表现为黏蛋白分泌或乳头状生长模式,并导致胆管囊性扩
受限于低发病率,以及既往对ICC异质性的认知不足,ICC领域高质量临床研究极为有限,临床证据级别参差不齐,为临床治疗带来了一定困难。有关ICC仍有诸多问题待解决,外周和中央型ICC的分类已深入人心,但其本质仍被大多数研究忽略,肝门部胆管癌和ICC侵犯肝门是否应区别对待尚无一致意见,外周型ICC和CLC的差异仍待进一步研究,胆管切缘出现癌前病变对预后的影响仍无统一认识,左、右侧ICC的淋巴引流不同,据此行淋巴结清扫的实际临床意义不明。深入了解ICC的异质性对于精准诊断、治疗方案的制定以及预后评估具有重要意义,未来需要进一步开展多组学研究和临床试验,以实现基于异质性的个体化精准治疗策略,改善ICC患者的生存和预后。
作者贡献声明
张永杰提出本文大纲;刘洋撰写初稿;张永杰、王向审阅原稿,对文章提出重要修改建议,并核准了最终提交版本。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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