摘要
急性胰腺炎是消化系统常见的急腹症之一,且其发病率有逐年上升的趋势。尽管约80%的病例为不伴有局部并发症的轻症患者,但仍有部分患者在病程后期出现胰腺假性囊肿、包裹性坏死等局部并发症,其中以感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)最为严重,病死率可达30%。近年来,以微创外科为核心的治疗方式取得了较好疗效;最新的几项临床试验亦为IPN的外科诊治提供了实质性的新见解。但值得注意的是,IPN具有个体差异大、治疗过程复杂等特点。因此,有必要讨论IPN的外科治疗策略,为临床医师在进行相关处理时提供一定的参考。
关键词
急性胰腺炎是常见的外科急腹症,目前其发病率大约为(4.9~73.4)/10万,并有逐年升高的趋
IPN的病原菌主要包括革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌、变形杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等),革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、粪链球菌、肠球菌等)、厌氧菌及真菌(常见白念珠菌),尤其以肠源性细菌比例最
PANTER研
清创路径应减少对正常组织的干扰,适合对脓腔进行全方位的清创与引流,且可利用窦道对残余脓腔进行再次清创。因IPN的脓腔分布具有个体差异性,找出一条适合所有患者的清创路径是不切实际的。但对于腹膜后区域的脓腔,利用腹膜后通道,在避开结肠、脾脏等脏器的基础上,以最短、最直接的路径到达脓腔应是入路选择的重要原则。对于需要经腹清创的患者,最大程度上保护腹腔,限制腹膜后感染的播散是路径选择的关键。另外需指出,部分患者经过PCD后,原本因脓腔张力而被“推开”的脏器可能“复位”,从而对清创路径产生干扰,此时可不必拘泥于沿PCD时使用的通道作为清创路径,应结合当前IPN的实际范围,个体化选择清创路径。既往研究根据解剖结构将坏死性胰腺炎的胰腺外局部并发症进行分区,并发现局部并发症的解剖位置与临床结局存在一定关

图1 IPN的积液分布CT图像(白色箭头表示感染区域) A:Ⅰ区(胰周区域)横切面;B:Ⅲ区(右侧腹膜后区域)横切面;C:Ⅰ+Ⅱa区(胰周区域+左侧腹膜后区域,但未累及盆腔)横切面;D:Ⅰ区(胰周区域)冠状面;E:Ⅲ区(右侧腹膜后区域)冠状面;F:Ⅰ+Ⅱa区(胰周区域+左侧腹膜后区域,但未累及盆腔)冠状面
Figure 1 CT images of fluid distribution in IPN (white arrows showing the infected areas) A: Transverse view of zone I (peripancreatic area); B: Transverse view of zone Ⅲ (right retroperitoneal area); C: Transverse view of zone I+IIa (peripancreatic area and left retroperitoneal area, but not involving the pelvis); D: Coronal view of zone I (peripancreatic area); E: Coronal view of zone Ⅲ (right retroperitoneal area); F: Coronal view of zone I+IIa (peripancreatic area and left retroperitoneal area, but not involving the pelvis)
清创的目的是清除感染灶并减少坏死负担,但手术本身又可能对患者造成促炎损伤,因此选择适当的手术时机至关重要。在传统开放手术时代,手术时机是影响IPN患者预后的关键因素。研
IPN的“step-up”策略由荷兰胰腺团队于2010年提出,成为当今治疗IPN的重要策略之一。简而言之,“step-up”策略大致分为:抗生素等无创治疗—穿刺引流—多种以微创技术为核心的清创术—开放性清创术。
PCD是一种在超声或CT引导下进行的经皮穿刺治疗,并能通过放置引流管持续冲洗脓腔,具有创伤小、操作方便等优点,可以快速改善患者一般情况,并为后续的微创治疗创造条件。作为“step-up”策略的第一步,PCD能在一定程度上减少胰腺坏死和炎症介质负担,缓解感染引起的中毒症状,但约50%的患者仍需进一步手术治疗,因此关于PCD引流失败的风险因素预测是临床实践关注和研究的对

图2 IPN的外科干预流程
Figure 2 Surgical intervention procedure of IPN
视频辅助下腹膜后清创术(video assisted retroperitoneal debridement,VARD)通过小切口腹膜后路径进入脓腔,在肾镜或腹腔镜等工具的辅助下清除坏死组织,避免进入腹腔引起感染播散。VARD技术适用于单纯单/双侧肾周受累,或合并广泛腹膜后区域播散性渗出患者,在术后并发症发生率和病死率方面优于传统开腹清
由于IPN疾病本身的破坏性与复杂性,患者接受清创术后可能发生手术并发症。器官功能衰竭和出血是最严重的并发症。清创过程中发现活动性出血可采用填塞、缝扎或止血夹等方式进行止血,术后应需密切关注引流情况,若发现动脉性活动性大出血迹象,应及时采用填塞、动脉栓塞等方法进行止血。胰瘘和肠瘘是坏死组织清除术后常见的并发症。充分引流、控制感染和抑制胰液分泌是治疗胰瘘的关键。术后肠瘘多发生于结肠、回肠。部分肠瘘接受保守治疗后可自行愈合,但多数尤其对于伴感染者则需要进行肠造口。因此对于IPN患者需要及时进行有效的清创处理,术后需要进行长期随访,及时发现和处理相关并发症。
在急性胰腺炎的第二阶段,IPN仍然是一种危及生命的局部并发症,需要准确识别并及时正确地干预。随着各种微创技术的不断进步,IPN的外科诊治已进入微创化时代,外科干预在降低患者病死率中的作用功不可没。未来IPN的外科管理需集中在更恰当地应用各项微创技术,通过不断开展临床研究,更新治疗理念,为这些前沿技术提供最佳展示舞台;应通过建立多学科合作的诊疗体系,充分取长补短,为患者提供个体化治疗方案,使IPN总体治愈率进一步提高。
作者贡献声明
李非与黄铂涵构思了本文大纲;李非指导写作方向;黄铂涵撰写了初稿;李非仔细审阅原稿,对文章进行修改,并核准了最终提交版本。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
参考文献
中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组. 中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2021)[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2021, 59(7):578-587. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20210416-00172. [百度学术]
Chinese Pancreatic Surgery Association,Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis in China (2021)[J]. Chinese Journal of Surgery, 2021, 59(7):578-587. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20210416-00172. [百度学术]
Onnekink AM, Boxhoorn L, Timmerhuis HC, et al. Endoscopic versus surgical step-up approach for infected necrotizing pancreatitis (ExTENSION): long-term follow-up of a randomized trial[J]. Gastroenterology, 2022, 163(3):712-722. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05.015. [百度学术]
Boxhoorn L, Voermans RP, Bouwense SA, et al. Acute pancreatitis[J]. Lancet, 2020, 396(10252):726-734. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31310-6. [百度学术]
Crockett SD, Wani S, Gardner TB, et al. American gastroenterological association institute guideline on initial management of acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2018, 154(4):1096-1101. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.032. [百度学术]
Forsmark CE, Swaroop Vege S, Wilcox CM. Acute pancreatitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(20):1972-1981. doi:10.1056/nejmra1505202. [百度学术]
Wolbrink DRJ, Kolwijck E, Ten Oever J, et al. Management of infected pancreatic necrosis in the intensive care unit: a narrative review[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020, 26(1):18-25. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.017. [百度学术]
Glaubitz J, Wilden A, Frost F, et al. Activated regulatory T-cells promote duodenal bacterial translocation into necrotic areas in severe acute pancreatitis[J]. Gut, 2023, 72(7):1355-1369. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327448. [百度学术]
Leppäniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, et al. 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis[J]. World J Emerg Surg, 2019, 14:27. doi:10.1186/s13017-019-0247-0. [百度学术]
Lu J, Ding Y, Qu Y, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of multidrug-resistant bacteria infection in infected pancreatic necrosis patients[J]. Infect Drug Resist, 2022, 15:7095-7106. doi:10.2147/IDR.S387384. [百度学术]
Ning C, Huang G, Shen D, et al. Adverse clinical outcomes associated with multidrug-resistant organisms in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis[J]. Pancreatology, 2019, 19(7):935-940. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2019.09.008. [百度学术]
Boxhoorn L, van Dijk SM, van Grinsven J, et al. Immediate versus postponed intervention for infected necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 385(15):1372-1381. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2100826. [百度学术]
Baron TH, DiMaio CJ, Wang AY, et al. American gastroenterological association clinical practice update: management of pancreatic necrosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2020, 158(1):67-75. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.064. [百度学术]
Otto W, Komorzycki K, Krawczyk M. Efficacy of antibiotic penetration into pancreatic necrosis[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2006, 8(1):43-48. doi:10.1080/13651820500467275. [百度学术]
Shah J, Fernandez Y Viesca M, Jagodzinski R, et al. Infected pancreatic necrosis-Current trends in management[J]. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2024, 43(3):578-591. doi:10.1007/s12664-023-01506-w. [百度学术]
Severino A, Varca S, Airola C, et al. Antibiotic utilization in acute pancreatitis: a narrative review[J]. Antibiotics (Basel), 2023, 12(7):1120. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12071120. [百度学术]
Ning C, Zhu S, Wei Q, et al. Candidemia indicates poor outcome in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis[J]. Mycoses, 2021, 64(6):684-690. doi:10.1111/myc.13266. [百度学术]
Chesdachai S, Yetmar ZA, Lahr BD, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pancreatic fungal infection in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Med Mycol, 2023, 61(7):myad068. doi:10.1093/mmy/myad068. [百度学术]
Timmerhuis HC, van den Berg FF, Noorda PC, et al. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics and the clinical consequence in necrotizing pancreatitis: an observational multicenter study[J]. Ann Surg, 2023, 278(4):e812-e819. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005790. [百度学术]
黄耿文, 申鼎成. 意大利重症急性胰腺炎共识指南(2015)解读[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2016, 25(3):313-317. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.03.001. [百度学术]
Huang GW, Shen DC. Interpretation of consensus guidelines for severe acute pancreatitis (2015) in Italy[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2016, 25(3):313-317. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2016.03.001. [百度学术]
van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, et al. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(16):1491-1502. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0908821. [百度学术]
Hollemans RA, Bakker OJ, Boermeester MA, et al. Superiority of step-up approach vs open necrosectomy in long-term follow-up of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2019, 156(4):1016-1026. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.045. [百度学术]
Gupta P, Rana P, Bellam BL, et al. Site and size of extrapancreatic necrosis are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Pancreatology, 2020, 20(1):9-15. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2019.11.010. [百度学术]
曹锋, 李昂, 高崇崇, 等. 感染性胰腺坏死分区与腹腔镜手术入路选择临床研究[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2020, 40(4):457-460. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2020.04.23. [百度学术]
Cao F, Li A, Gao CC, et al. Clinical study on distribution characteristics of infected pancreatic necrosis and therapeutic approach of laparoscopic surgery[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2020, 40(4):457-460. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2020.04.23. [百度学术]
van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Bollen TL, et al. A conservative and minimally invasive approach to necrotizing pancreatitis improves outcome[J]. Gastroenterology, 2011, 141(4):1254-1263. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.073. [百度学术]
Mowery NT, Bruns BR, MacNew HG, et al. Surgical management of pancreatic necrosis: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma[J]. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2017, 83(2):316-327. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001510. [百度学术]
Ning C, Ouyang H, Shen D, et al. Prediction of survival in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis: a prospective cohort study[J]. Int J Surg, 2024, 110(2):777-787. doi:10.1097/JS9.0000000000000844. [百度学术]
Gao L, Zhang H, Li G, et al. The clinical outcome from early versus delayed minimally invasive intervention for infected pancreatic necrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2022, 57(6):397-406. doi:10.1007/s00535-022-01876-6. [百度学术]
Babu RY, Gupta R, Kang M, et al. Predictors of surgery in patients with severe acute pancreatitis managed by the step-up approach[J]. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(4):737-750. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318269d25d. [百度学术]
Sakai A, Masuda A, Kodama Y. Does early intervention for infected pancreatic necrosis lead to better clinical outcomes compared to delayed intervention?[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2023, 58(6):600-601. doi:10.1007/s00535-023-01994-9. [百度学术]
Lu J, Cao F, Zheng Z, et al. How to identify the indications for early intervention in acute necrotizing pancreatitis patients: a long-term follow-up study[J]. Front Surg, 2022, 9:842016. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.842016. [百度学术]
van Baal MC, van Santvoort HC, Bollen TL, et al. Systematic review of percutaneous catheter drainage as primary treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Br J Surg, 2011, 98(1):18-27. doi:10.1002/bjs.7304. [百度学术]
Shenvi S, Gupta R, Kang M, et al. Timing of surgical intervention in patients of infected necrotizing pancreatitis not responding to percutaneous catheter drainage[J]. Pancreatology, 2016, 16(5):778-787. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2016.08.006. [百度学术]
Hollemans RA, Bollen TL, van Brunschot S, et al. Predicting success of catheter drainage in infected necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Ann Surg, 2016, 263(4):787-792. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001203. [百度学术]
Garret C, Douillard M, David A, et al. Infected pancreatic necrosis complicating severe acute pancreatitis in critically ill patients: predicting catheter drainage failure and need for necrosectomy[J]. Ann Intensive Care, 2022, 12(1):71. doi:10.1186/s13613-022-01039-z. [百度学术]
Cao F, Duan N, Gao C, et al. One-Step verse Step-Up Laparoscopic-Assisted Necrosectomy for Infected Pancreatic Necrosis[J]. Dig Surg, 2020, 37(3):211-219. doi:10.1159/000501076. [百度学术]
Huang D, Li Q, Lu Z, et al. From "step-up" to "step-jump": a leap-forward intervention for infected necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2021, 135(3):285-287. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000001877. [百度学术]
童智慧, 李维勤, 黎介寿. 重症急性胰腺炎胰腺坏死组织感染开放手术要点[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2023, 43(3):340-343. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2023.03.19. [百度学术]
Tong ZH, Li WQ, Li JS. Key points of open surgery for infected pancreatic necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2023, 43(3):340-343. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2023.03.19. [百度学术]
Bai R, Sui Y, Lu T, et al. Effect of the step-jump approach in infected pancreatic necrosis: a propensity score-matched study[J]. J Inflamm Res, 2024, 17:6005-6021. doi:10.2147/JIR.S461740. [百度学术]
Han SB, Chen D, Chen QY, et al. One-step laparoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy verse surgical step-up approach for infected pancreatic necrosis: a case-control study[J]. World J Emerg Med, 2022, 13(4):274-282. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.058. [百度学术]
Maurer LR, Fagenholz PJ. Contemporary surgical management of pancreatic necrosis[J]. JAMA Surg, 2023, 158(1):81-88. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2022.5695. [百度学术]
Munene G, Dixon E, Sutherland F. Open transgastric debridement and internal drainage of symptomatic non-infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2011, 13(4):234-239. doi:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00276.x. [百度学术]
Simo KA, Niemeyer DJ, Swan RZ, et al. Laparoscopic transgastric endolumenal cystogastrostomy and pancreatic debridement[J]. Surg Endosc, 2014, 28(5):1465-1472. doi:10.1007/s00464-013-3317-5. [百度学术]
Kulkarni S, Bogart A, Buxbaum J, et al. Surgical transgastric debridement of walled off pancreatic necrosis: an option for patients with necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Surg Endosc, 2015, 29(3):575-582. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-3700-x. [百度学术]
Gibson SC, Robertson BF, Dickson EJ, et al. ‘Step-port’ laparoscopic cystgastrostomy for the management of organized solid predominant post-acute fluid collections after severe acute pancreatitis[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2014, 16(2):170-176. doi:10.1111/hpb.12099. [百度学术]
Husu HL, Kuronen JA, Leppäniemi AK, et al. Open necrosectomy in acute pancreatitis-obsolete or still useful?[J]. World J Emerg Surg, 2020, 15(1):21. doi:10.1186/s13017-020-00300-9. [百度学术]
Ning CH, Sun ZF, Shen DC, et al. Is contemporary open pancreatic necrosectomy still useful in the minimally invasive era?[J]. Surgery, 2024, 175(5):1394-1401. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2024.01.021. [百度学术]