摘要
胰腺癌(PC)是一种高度恶性的消化系统肿瘤,具有极高的病死率和复发风险。传统的手术切除和化疗虽仍为主要治疗手段,但术后复发率高、预后不佳等问题仍未得到有效解决。因此,探索更高效的综合治疗策略,对于提高患者生存率和改善预后具有重要意义。本文系统总结了近年来PC系统治疗的研究进展,重点分析化疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗的应用现状和疗效。同时,探讨了新辅助治疗、中西医结合治疗及转化治疗在提升传统化疗效果方面的潜力。研究表明,靶向治疗可增强抗原呈递并降低副作用,而免疫检查点抑制剂、肿瘤疫苗及过继性细胞免疫治疗则有助于减少肿瘤免疫逃逸,改善肿瘤微环境。尽管PC的治疗手段不断创新,临床治疗仍面临诸多挑战,尤其是晚期患者的生存获益有限。因此,未来研究应聚焦于早期诊断、精准医学和个体化治疗策略,以期进一步提高治愈率和患者生存质量,为临床实践提供更多有效的治疗选择。
China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(3):546-554.
胰腺癌(pancreatic carcinoma,PC),作为胰腺肿瘤中普遍且常见的一种,具有极高的恶性特性,在诊断和治疗上都极具挑战性。2024年发布的全球癌症数
全身系统化疗一直是晚期PC的标准治
术前新辅助治疗可有效地提高R0切除率、缩小肿瘤、延长患者的总生存期(overall survival,OS)。在当今的临床治疗领域,FOLFIRINOX新辅助化疗方案已在提高肿瘤的手术切除率,改善患者预后方面展现出巨大潜力。Versteijne
尽管化疗治疗PC具有良好的效益,但不可避免产生一定的耐药性和毒副作用,影响PC患者的临床获益,此时中医联合化疗在逆转耐药性和降低毒副作用方面展现出了显著优势。PC属于中医“积聚”范畴,PC术后发生腹泻属于中医“泄泻”范
在PC的诊断过程中,传统医学观点通常建议对转移性胰腺癌(metastatic pancreatic cancer,mPC)患者实施姑息性全身化疗。但Hank
ADC是一类新型靶向抗肿瘤药物,利用抗体与肿瘤相关抗原之间的特异性结合作用,将细胞毒性药物选择性递送至肿瘤部位,在实现对肿瘤细胞的高效杀伤作用的同时降低对正常组织的毒副作用,是近年来肿瘤靶向治疗的研究热
纳米药物具有协同增强免疫激活的潜力,能更有效地增强抗原呈递、特异性杀伤免疫细胞,在治疗PC方面展现出巨大潜力。研
PC的发生主要是由于致癌基因KRAS以及癌症控制基因(包括CDKN2A、TP53和SMAD4)的体细胞突变所引起的。这些基因的突变会导致细胞的正常生长和分裂机制失控,进而引发PC的发生。KRA
尼妥珠单抗是一种人源化单克隆抗体,能与表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)受体竞争性结合,通过抑制酪氨酸激酶激活,影响肿瘤细胞增殖和凋亡,并提升肿瘤细胞对化疗药物敏感性,进而改善癌症治疗效果。Qin
免疫疗法主要涵盖ICI、肿瘤疫苗以及过继治疗等方
免疫检查点是免疫系统中用来保持免疫平衡,防止免疫细胞攻击自身正常组织的调节机
肿瘤疫苗可以增强机体免疫系统对肿瘤细胞的识别与攻击能力,其核心过程包括肿瘤抗原的释放与识别、抗原的呈递与加工、T细胞的激活以及免疫细胞介导的细胞毒性作用。肿瘤疫苗包括全细胞疫苗、树突状细胞疫苗、核酸疫苗和肽类疫苗
过继细胞治疗包括自体免疫细胞的体外扩增和回输,通过调节并增加肿瘤患者的免疫功能,有效克服肿瘤免疫逃逸机
PC是一种高度恶性、侵袭性极强且手术治疗难度大的癌症类型,发病原因多样,发病率持续上升。大多数PC患者出现临床特征时已处于中晚期,而传统的化疗手段在治疗晚期PC方面具有一定局限性,术后疗效并不可观。因此,新辅助化疗的推广为许多临界可切除的PC患者带来了手术根治的可能性。随着ADC、纳米药物、单抗药物以及基因靶向治疗的出现,有望实现临床PC治疗精准化和个体化。ICI、肿瘤疫苗和过继细胞免疫治疗能够减少耐药性产生,优化肿瘤微环境,为PC患者提供新的治疗策略。总的来说,对于早期可切除PC患者,手术切除仍是首选项;对于中晚期PC患者,则可在化疗基础上联合靶向治疗和免疫治疗来达到更好的疗效,以期降低术后并发症,延长患者OS,提高患者术后生存质量。尽管在PC研究领域已取得一些进展,但未来的治疗策略应更加注重早期PC的筛查诊断,个体化治疗方案及联合治疗策略。因此,PC系统治疗的研究既充满希望也面临挑战,值得继续深入探索。
作者贡献声明
钱诗怡负责文章的构思设计、研究资料的收集与整理、论文撰写;姜海涛负责提出研究命题、文章的质量控制、对文章整体负责;刘雅辉负责对文章整体负责、文章的质量控制。
利益冲突
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