摘要
原发性肝癌,特别是肝细胞癌,是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,肝切除仍然是主要的根治性治疗方法。然而,由于肝癌的异质性、易复发以及大部分患者在初诊时已处于中晚期的特点,肝切除治疗的效果受到很大限制。近年来,精准医疗的发展为肝癌治疗带来了新希望,尤其在术前评估、系统治疗、微创手术和个体化治疗策略方面取得了显著进展。术前评估包括影像学技术如三维可视化和分子影像技术的应用,帮助医生精准评估肿瘤特征和肝功能,指导治疗方案选择。免疫治疗与靶向治疗的联合应用显著提高了晚期肝癌患者的生存期。系统治疗联合局部治疗的策略为转化治疗提供了新途径,扩大了肝切除适应证。如何根据患者肿瘤生物学特性,特别是分子特征分型和肝功能状态,选择最佳获益人群仍需进一步探索。“七步法”模块化腹腔镜肝切除术通过科学性肝切除实现患者最大化获益的临床实践进一步阐明了以外科治疗为主的多学科综合性个体化治疗模式。
原发性肝癌是目前最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其中3/4以上的病例为肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC),位居我国所有恶性肿瘤新发病例数的第4位、死亡病例数的第2位,是人类生命与健康的严重威
精准的术前评估是选择HCC治疗方案的关键。术前影像学检查对目标病灶的评估至关重要。多普勒彩色超声、CT、MRI、数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)检查等可以充分地了解病灶的性质,分析病灶的解剖学特
对于患有慢性乙型肝炎(hepatitis B virus,HBV)或丙型肝炎(hepatitis C virus,HCV)、肝硬化和门静脉高压症(portal hypertension,PTH)等基础肝病的患者,采用肝功能Child-Pugh分级、ICG清除试验、终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分等方法详细评估肝纤维化和肝脏储备功能至关重
近年来,晚期HCC的系统治疗方式取得了显著进展,以免疫治疗为基础的联合治疗方案朝着更加个体化、精准化的方向发展,能够更显著改善HCC患者的OS和治疗效果。例如,阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗治疗(IMbrave 150研究
系统抗肿瘤治疗疗效不断提高同样改变了围手术期治疗理念和传统外科治疗模式。具体而言,有效的系统治疗正广泛地应用在围手术期辅助治疗,以减少复发、改善OS,包括转化治疗、新辅助治疗及术后辅助治疗。其中,在系统治疗的基础上联合TACE、HAIC或放疗等局部治疗逐渐成为HCC肿瘤学转化治疗的主流方案,能使初始不可切除和潜在可切除HCC患者获得手术切除机会,为患者带来更长的无瘤生存和OS获益。PLATIC研
随着对肝脏解剖结构的深入研究,影像新技术的发展,手术器械和技巧的进步,外科治疗理念进一步朝着精准化和个体化的方向迈进,手术适应证也随之扩展。目前,解剖性切除和非解剖性切除对HCC患者的生存获益仍然存在争议。解剖性肝切除是指根据肝脏的解剖结构进行的亚肝段、肝段或联合肝段切除手术,在切除肿瘤及荷瘤肝段的同时,降低了门静脉微小潜在病灶的转移风险,较非解剖性肝切除在降低术后复发具有明显优
微创和精准治疗理念指导下的腹腔镜肝切除术逐渐成为主流手术方式。现有研
“七步法”模块化腹腔镜肝切除术是笔者团队总结提出的一种安全有效的肝切除手术方
精准医疗时代下,HCC的治疗逐步转变为以手术为主的多学科综合治疗模式。依赖于术前评估体系的完善,三维可视化技术及术中影像导航等技术的进步,使外科医生能准确地评估肝功能状态,确定手术切除的范围与边界以及微小病灶的显像,实现肝切除术的精准化。未来,HCC分子特征分型、液体活检等新评估体系的出现,人工智能与虚拟现实技术的融合与交互,可以更准确地预测肿瘤的生物学行为,从而筛选最佳获益人群并指导个体化手术决策。此外,系统抗肿瘤治疗和局部干预策略的多元化进步扩展了HCC外科治疗的适应证,提高手术切除标准并降低术后复发风险。大量创新性临床研究的探索和围手术期理念的更新为HCC患者,特别是血管侵犯或肿瘤广泛分布的患者提供多样化的诊疗方案,多学科诊疗团队成员需要在综合考虑病情和患者的个体差异情况下仔细探讨治疗方案、手术最佳时机以及术后并发症的管理,为患者带来更高质量的治疗效果。“七步法”模块化腹腔镜肝切除术与多学科综合治疗理念的融合是实现HCC患者个体化治疗、降低手术难度和提高患者长期生存质量的一次有效的临床实践。总之,科学性个体化肝切除的发展将朝着智能化、精准化、微创化和全程管理的方向不断迈进。
作者贡献声明
武志鹏负责文章撰写与修改;杜刚、刘泽阳、张赛、杨梦凡负责文章辅助指导;刘铭坤负责文章资料收集;靳斌负责文章选题设计、写作思路和文章最终定稿。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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