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不可切除肝内胆管癌转化治疗进展与思考

  • 苏天杭
  • 雷正清
  • 程张军
东南大学附属中大医院 肝胆胰中心,南京 210009

中图分类号: R735.8

最近更新:2025-03-12

DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250005

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  • 参考文献
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摘要

肝内胆管癌(ICC)是一种高侵袭性的肝脏恶性肿瘤,起病隐匿、进展快,多数患者确诊时已处于晚期,无法行根治性手术切除,总体预后较差。如何将初始不可切除ICC通过多模式的综合治疗转化成可切除ICC,对延长患者的生存具有重要意义。近年来,随着免疫治疗、靶向治疗在晚期ICC中应用,以及外科手术、放射治疗、肝动脉灌注化疗、选择性内放射治疗等局部治疗的技术改进,结合治疗策略和理念的更新,使得部分初始不可切除ICC通过多种治疗手段将肿瘤降期后获得手术切除,为提高转化切除成功率和改善患者预后带来了新的希望。然而,ICC转化治疗仍然面临着诸多的困境和争议,包括尚无公认的标准治疗方案、总体转化成功率有限、缺乏长期的随访数据证明转化切除后的生存获益、达到临床完全缓解的患者是否需要切除或是观察等诸多问题亟待解决。鉴于目前ICC转化治疗研究大多为小样本、回顾性研究或个案报道,缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,且绝大多数研究纳入了多种类型的胆道癌,未考虑到不同部位胆道癌的异质性,相关研究结果对ICC转化治疗策略选择的借鉴意义有限。当前,迫切需要开展高质量的多中心、大样本、前瞻性临床研究及基础研究,探索起效快、高客观缓解率和安全性良好的ICC转化治疗的优选方案,识别不同治疗方案的潜在优势人群,制定个体化的治疗策略,从而提高转化成功率,最终改善患者的预后。本文针对不可切除ICC转化治疗的进展进行综述,以期为临床提供参考。

肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)是一种起源于肝内胆管上皮细胞第二常见的原发性肝癌,其病死率在全球范围内呈上升趋[

1-2]。根治性部分肝切除术是ICC的首选治疗方法,但ICC侵袭性高,常起病隐匿、进展快,多数患者发现时已是晚期,仅30%左右的患者有手术切除机会,5年生存率不足10%[3-4]。对于不可切除ICC,美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南、欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)指南及中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)指[1,5-6]等现推荐以吉西他滨加顺铂(gemcitabine and cisplatin,GC)联合度伐利尤单抗作为一线治疗方案,然而总体疗效难尽人意。有研[7]表明,不可切除ICC经治疗后如能获得根治性切除可有显著生存获益。因此,转化切除已成为近年来ICC治疗领域关注的热点和难点。

造成ICC不可切除的原因主要有两类:一是外科学不可切除,包括剩余肝体积(future liver remnant,FLR)不足、患者不能耐受手术、肝功能不能耐受等;二是肿瘤学或生物学不可切除,是指技术上可切除,但切除后并不能获得比非手术治疗更好的效[

8]。转化治疗是一种将初始不可切除的肿瘤经过系统治疗或者局部治疗后转化成可手术切除的治疗手[9]。但笔者认为,并非所有针对不可切除ICC的治疗都可称之为转化治疗,而应指以消除上述不可切除因素、达到手术切除目的的目标性治疗,那些意外使患者获得手术切除、针对转移性晚期ICC的治疗则不应称之为转化治疗。近年来随着局部治疗和系统治疗的发展及外科技术的提升,ICC转化治疗方法和策略越来越多,但仍然面临诸多的困境和争议。本文围绕ICC转化治疗的进展展开综述,以期为临床ICC转化治疗策略的选择提供参考。

1 针对肿瘤学或生物学不可切除ICC的转化治疗

1.1 系统化疗

胆道癌(biliary tract carcinoma,BTC)中,ICC相比肝外胆管癌(extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ECC)而言对化疗相对敏[

10]。基于ABC-02试验的研究结果,十多年来吉西他滨联合铂类一直作为晚期ICC的一线化疗方[3,11]。对于晚期不可切除ICC,接受以吉西他滨联合铂类为基础的化疗方案后,部分患者能够实现肿瘤降期并成功手术切除,其预后与直接手术治疗的可切除ICC相当。一项回顾性研[12]报道接受吉西他滨化疗的22例不可切除BTC中8例(36.4%)实现R0切除,获得了长期生存。Le Roy[13]的回顾性研究中,74例不可切除ICC经过以吉西他滨为基础的化疗后,39例(53%)实现了降期手术,中位总体生存期(median overall survival,mOS)为24.1个月。此外三药联合化疗方案在晚期BTC也有探索。一项前瞻性研[14]报道了吉西他滨和顺铂联合白蛋白紫杉醇(GAP)在60例晚期BTC中的疗效,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为45%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为85%,中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)和mOS分别为11.8个月和19.2个月,最终12例(20%)降期后切除。在NEO-GAP研[15]中,30例高复发风险ICC接受GAP新辅助化疗后,也显示出较好的部分缓解率(23%)和DCR(90%)。另一项韩国的回顾性研[16]显示,在129例接受GAP方案治疗的局部晚期胆管癌(cholangiocarcinoma,CCA)中,ORR和DCR分别为60.8%和91.9%;73例(56.6%)实现了降期后切除,67例获得R0切除。但在SWOG1815 Ⅲ期临床试[17]中,接受GAP治疗的晚期BTC相比GC组并没有显著的生存获益,mOS分别为14个月和13.6个月(P=0.41),ORR分别为31%和21%(P=0.03),且GAP组的3/4级血液学毒性明显增加(60% vs. 45%,P=0.003)。总体而言,单独化疗对晚期ICC的疗效欠佳,mOS大多在1年左右,且转化切除率不高。因此,临床以转化切除为目标的应用较少,特别是在肝胆肿瘤进入免疫、靶向治疗时代以后。

1.2 免疫联合治疗

以程序性死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)在ICC中表现出优于化疗的疗效,为转化治疗提供了新思路。但ICI单药治疗对BTC的疗效有限,日本的Japic-CTI153098研[

18]报道了纳武利尤单抗联合GC对比纳武利尤单抗单药治疗BTC的疗效,显示联合组ORR为37%,mOS为15.4个月,而单药组ORR仅3%,mOS为5.2个月。目前免疫联合治疗方案正不断探索,如ICI联合化疗、ICI联合多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)靶向治疗、ICI联合TKI加化疗、双免疫治疗等。

1.2.1 免疫治疗联合化疗

近2年来,随着TOPAZ-1和KEYNOTE-966研[

19-20]公布,ICI联合GC化疗已被NCCN指南等多个指南推荐为晚期不可切除BTC的一线优选治疗方案。TOPAZ-1研[19]结果显示,接受度伐利尤单抗(PD-L1抑制剂)联合GC化疗的晚期BTC患者3年OS率为14.6%,ORR为27%,显著优于GC组(3年OS率:6.9%,ORR:19%),显示出明显的生存获益(HR=0.76,95% CI=0.64~0.91,P=0.021)。KEYNOTE-966研[20]中,帕博利珠单抗(PD-1抑制剂)联合GC化疗相比GC治疗晚期BTC同样具有生存获益(HR=0.83,95% CI=0.72~0.95,P=0.003 4),mOS分别为12.7个月和10.9个月,2年OS率分别为25%和18%。尽管2024年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)年会更新的结果显示,两组的3年OS率(13% vs. 11%)及ORR(两组均28.7%)差异均无统计学意义,但联合治疗组在OS上仍具有一定优势(HR=0.86,95% CI=0.75~0.98[21]。一项回顾性研[22]显示,免疫联合化疗相比单独化疗在晚期不可切除ICC中表现出显著的生存优势(mOS:11个月 vs. 8个月,P=0.008),ORR分别为29.4%和13.3%,DCR分别为78.4%和73.3%,免疫联合化疗组有3例(5.9%)成功转化后切除。Chen[23]研究表明,Ⅳ期BTC接受卡瑞丽珠单抗(PD-1抑制剂)联合吉西他滨和奥沙利铂(gemcitabine and oxaliplatin,GEMOX)治疗的总体ORR为54%,mOS为11.8个月。亚组分析显示,PD-L1肿瘤细胞阳性比例(TPS)≥1%组的ORR达到80%,而TPS<1%组的ORR为53.8%,提示肿瘤组织PD-L1评分与疗效及转化治疗成功率有关。

1.2.2 免疫联合TKI治疗

免疫联合靶向治疗是潜在可切除肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)转化治疗的主要方式之[

24]。研究表明,该方案在ICC中也有一定的转化治疗价值。Zhang[25]研究显示,PD-1抑制剂联合仑伐替尼一线治疗38例晚期BTC的ORR为42.1%,DCR为76.3%,其中13例(34.2%)实现降期后切除。Zhou[26]开展的Ⅱ期临床研究结果初步显示,31例晚期ICC一线接受特瑞普利单抗(PD-1抑制剂)联合仑伐替尼治疗的ORR为32.3%,DCR为74.2%,2例降期后切除。Chao[27]回顾性分析了104例晚期BTC接受PD-1抑制剂联合仑伐替尼治疗的资料,ORR为18.4%,DCR为80.6%,mOS为11.4个月。其中,TPS≥1%的患者获益更显著(ORR:36.0% vs. 10.3%,P=0.013)。更多的临床试验(NCT04727996/NCT03895970)正在评估免疫联合不同TKI(司曲替尼、仑伐替尼)的疗效。

1.2.3 免疫联合TKI加化疗

相比免疫联合TKI靶向治疗,免疫联合TKI加化疗的三联方案在临床中的应用及研究较为广泛。Shi[

28]的一项小样本Ⅱ期临床试验发现,特瑞普利单抗联合仑伐替尼及GEMOX治疗30例不可切除ICC的ORR为80%,DCR为93.3%,mOS超过22个月,3例(10%)实现降期后切除,展现出良好的转化潜力。一项回顾性研[29]结果表明,PD-1抑制剂联合仑伐替尼及GC治疗晚期不可切除ICC的ORR为54.7%,DCR达96.2%,最终2例(4%)降期后获得R0切除。在化疗基础上联合免疫、靶向药物(TKI)治疗的三联方案因其有效率和转化成功率较高,已被《原发性肝癌诊疗指南之肝内胆管癌诊疗中国专家共识(2022版)[8]推荐为晚期ICC的治疗方案。目前,较多三联方案的临床试验(NCT05823311/NCT06230471/NCT05342194)正在进行,以进一步验证其有效性与安全性。

以上研究结果提示,不同的免疫联合治疗方案对不可切除BTC均有一定的转化成功率,但不同方案间有效性比较的研究较少。笔者团队的一项针对晚期不可切除ICC的多中心回顾性研[

30]发现,相比单独化疗,PD-1单抗联合化疗、联合靶向治疗、联合靶向加化疗的患者均有明显生存获益(HR=0.61,95% CI=0.39~0.94,P=0.026;HR=0.54,95% CI=0.35~0.84,P=0.006;HR=0.47,95% CI=0.31~0.70,P<0.001),mOS分别为9.3个月、10.7个月、15.8个月、14.4个月,但三种免疫联合方案间ORR、PFS、OS等差异并无统计学意义。尽管该研究结果还需大样本、前瞻性研究来证实,但仍提示不同免疫联合治疗策略均有获益人群。寻找有效的疗效预测标志物,筛选不同方案的优势人群,值得进一步研究。

1.3 单靶点精准靶向治疗

ICC表现出显著的异质性,使得ICC可从精准靶向治疗中获[

31],约70%的ICC存在至少一种基因突[32]。部分小样本研[33-34]显示,针对特殊靶点(FGFR2融合/突变或扩增,HER2/3突变,IDH1/2突变等)的靶向治疗ORR达22.3%和33%,DCR为75.7%和88%,精准靶向治疗有望为个体化的ICC转化治疗带来新的希望。

1.3.1 FGFR抑制剂

FGFR突变是ICC中相对常见同时也是研究最多的靶点。佩米替尼(FGFR抑制剂)是美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准的第1个用于治疗FGFR突变BTC的靶向药物。FIGHT-202研[

35]发现,针对携带FGFR2融合或重排突变的晚期BTC,佩米替尼作为二线单药治疗的ORR达37%,DCR为82.4%;进一步分析显示,FGFR融合组的ORR为36.6%,而重排组的ORR达40%,表现出起效迅速、作用持久的特点。已有病例报告证实佩米替尼可成功转化晚期ICC实现根治性手术切[36]。目前FIGHT-302(NCT03656536)Ⅲ期临床试验正在比较伴FGFR2重排的晚期CCA一线接受佩米替尼与GC化疗的疗效和安全性。其他FGFR抑制剂(如福替替尼、德拉赞替尼、厄达替尼等)在BTC中的疗效也在探索中,相关临床研[33, 37-38]报道的ORR在22.3%~83%之间,表明靶向FGFR治疗可能是ICC转化治疗的可选方案之一。

1.3.2 IDH1/2抑制剂

IDH1/2突变是ICC中另一种常见的突变,约13%的ICC存在IDH1基因突[

39]。艾伏尼布(AG-120)是一种强效IDH1口服抑制剂,ClarIDHy研[39]表明与安慰剂相比,二线接受艾伏尼布治疗可改善晚期ICC的预后(mOS:10.8个月vs. 6个月,P=0.000 8),但其ORR仅为2%,转化潜力有限,故多用于姑息治疗。为解决获得性耐药问题,正在进行针对IDH1/2多个突变的药物研发,也在探索联合疗法以减轻耐药性。LY3410738是一种IDH1/2突变的选择性共价抑制剂,一项Ⅰ期研[40]显示LY3410738与GC化疗联用一线治疗晚期IDH1/2突变BTC的ORR为46%,6个月PFS为83.3%,显示出良好的疗效和安全性,可能对含IDH突变的ICC转化治疗具有一定的价值。

1.3.3 HER抑制剂

HER突变在BTC中主要发生在ECC及肝门部胆管癌(19.9%),而ICC中仅约4.8%[

41],所以HER抑制剂在ICC中的应用较少。HER靶向治疗主要包括两大类药物:小分子TKI和单克隆抗体。一项Ⅲ期临床试[42]评估了厄洛替尼(HER2抑制剂)联合GEMOX化疗与单用GEMOX治疗晚期BTC的疗效,结果显示联合治疗组的ORR显著高于GEMOX组(30% vs. 16%,P=0.005),mPFS分别为5.8个月和4.2个月,两组的mOS均为9.5个月。HER1抑制剂西妥昔单抗的疗效尚存争议。一项Ⅱ期临床试[43]中,西妥昔单抗联合GEMOX治疗晚期BTC的ORR达63%,9例(30%)成功降期切除。而另一项针对晚期BTC的Ⅱ期临床试[44]中,西妥昔单抗联合GEMOX化疗的mOS(11.0个月)低于单用GEMOX组(12.4个月),两组ORR分别为24%和23%,GEMOX组有6例(8%)降期后接受手术,而联合组仅1例(1%)。

1.3.4 BRAF激酶抑制剂

ICC中BRAF基因的突变率约3.0%~7.1%[

32]。ROAR研[45]发现使用MEK和BRAF抑制剂(曲美替尼联合达拉非尼)靶向治疗BRAFV600E突变的晚期BTC,ORR达51%,mPFS为9个月,mOS为14个月,有5例(11.6%)降期后手术切除,展现出一定的转化潜力。

精准靶向治疗为ICC转化治疗带来了新的希望,但由于ICC中上述靶点的突变率并不高,限制了相关靶向药物的临床应用。因此,多药联合的系统治疗在ICC转化治疗中的应用更为广泛(表1)。

表1  系统治疗方案及其转化成功率
Table 1  Systemic therapy regimens and their conversion success rates
作者治疗方案研究设计时间转化成功率疾病
Kato, [12] 吉西他滨 回顾性研究 2013 36.4%(8/22) ICC
Le Roy, [13] 化疗及联合治疗 回顾性研究 2017 53%(39/74) ICC
Shroff, [14] GAP Ⅱ期临床试验 2019 20%(12/60) BTC
Maithel, [15] GAP Ⅱ期临床试验 2023 73%(22/30) ICC
Choi , [16] GAP 回顾性研究 2023 56.6%(73/129) CCA
Madzikatire , [22] 化疗+PD-(L)1抑制剂 回顾性研究 2024 5.9%(3/51) ICC
Zhang, [25] 仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 Ⅱ期临床试验 2021 34.2%(13/38) BTC
Zhou, [26] 特瑞普利单抗+仑伐替尼 Ⅱ期临床试验 2021 6.5%(2/31) ICC
Shi, [28] GEMOX+仑伐替尼+特瑞普利单抗 Ⅱ期临床试验 2023 10%(3/30) ICC
Dong, [29] GC+仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 回顾性研究 2024 4%(2/50) ICC
Gruenberger, [43] GEMOX+西妥昔单抗 Ⅱ期临床试验 2010 30%(9/30) BTC
Malka, [44] GEMOX+西妥昔单抗/GEMOX Ⅱ期临床试验 2014 1%(1/76)/8%(6/74) BTC
Subbiah, [45] 曲美替尼+达拉非尼 Ⅱ期临床试验 2020 11.6%(5/43) BTC
Cho, [46] GC+5-FU+放疗 回顾性研究 2017 12.5%(8/64) ICC
Ulusakarya, [47] FOLFIRINOX 回顾性研究 2020 14.3%(6/42) BTC
Kato, [48] GC 回顾性研究 2015 25.6%(10/39) BTC

注:  FOLFIRINOX:伊立替康+奥沙利铂+5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)+亮菌素

Note:  FOLFIRINOX: irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) + leucovorin

1.4 系统治疗联合局部治疗

针对晚期ICC的局部治疗方式主要包括放射治疗以及经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、经肝动脉灌注化疗术(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, HAIC)、选择性内放疗术(selective internal radiation therapy,SIRT)等介入治疗。但是单独局部治疗对ICC疗效有限,临床应用较少,通常与系统治疗联合使用。

1.4.1 系统治疗联合放射治疗

一项小样本研[

49]评估了15例不可切除ICC接受化疗联合放疗的疗效,有11例(73.3%)成功降期切除,5年OS率超过20%。Cho[46]回顾性研究显示,64例初始不可切除ICC接受化疗联合放疗后,有8例(12.5%)降期后切除,其预后与初始接受手术治疗的患者相当。一项放疗联合卡瑞利珠单抗一线治疗不可切除ICC的研究结果显示出良好的抗肿瘤活性和安全性,ORR和DCR分别为61.1%和86.1%[50],协同增效作用明显,这可能和放疗促进PD-L1抗原暴露有[51]

1.4.2 系统治疗联合介入治疗

经动脉途径介入治疗在HCC治疗中占据着举足轻重的地位。由于其通过栓塞肿瘤血供或直接杀伤肿瘤细胞起效,因此在ICC的转化治疗中也发挥着一定的作用。⑴ 系统治疗联合TACE:TACE是一种通过导管技术找到并栓塞肿瘤的供血动脉,同时将抗肿瘤药物注入肿瘤区域进行局部化疗,从而阻断血供并持续杀灭肿瘤细胞的方法。一项回顾性研[

52]显示,TACE联合仑伐替尼治疗44例不可切除的ICC的转化成功率达到63.6%(28例),mOS为55个月,5年OS率显著优于未接受手术治疗的患者(54.9% vs. 25.5%,P=0.006)。另一项随机对照试[53]显示,药物洗脱微球TACE(DEB-TACE)联合GC化疗治疗不可切除ICC相比单独GC化疗,转化成功率显著提高(25% vs. 8%,P<0.005),mOS分别为33.7个月和12.6个月(P=0.048),且疗效持久,无严重不良事件发生。但ICC相对HCC具有乏血供的特点,导致TACE效果欠佳,因此TACE在ICC转化治疗的应用远不如HCC广泛。⑵ 系统治疗联合HAIC:HAIC是一种通过导管将抗肿瘤药物直接注入肿瘤血管,增加局部药物浓度,以提高化疗效果的治疗方法。近年来,针对晚期ICC的联合HAIC治疗研究报道逐渐增多。两项有关HAIC联合免疫加仑伐替尼治疗局部晚期或转移性ICC的研[54-55]显示,ORR分别为39.1%和47.8%,DCR均为91.3%,均有3例(6.5%、10.7%)患者在降期后成功接受根治性切除。其他联合HAIC的研究也显示出一定的转化成功率(9.5%~19%[56-58]。与其他介入治疗方法相比,HAIC在肿瘤客观缓解率和生存获益方面有一定的优势,但Ⅲ~Ⅳ级不良反应的发生率也较[59]。⑶ 系统治疗联合SIRT:SIRT是一种通过动脉插管将载有放射性核素[如钇-90放射性微球90Y-SIRT)]注射到肿瘤区域,产生电离辐射引发不可逆的肿瘤组织损伤,从而导致肿瘤坏死的介入治疗方法。Edeline[60]报道90Y-SIRT联合系统化疗治疗41例不可切除ICC的ORR为41%,DCR为98%,有9例(22%)降期后切除。另一项回顾性研[61]显示,接90Y-SIRT联合化疗的28例局部晚期ICC,有10例(35.7%)降期并接受手术治疗,转化切除患者的3年OS率达62.5%90Y-SIRT治疗兼具放疗和精准介入治疗的双重优势,但SIRT对患者的筛选流程较为严格,对术者技术要求更高,在我国准入应用也较晚,因此,在ICC转化治疗方面的研究报道较少。

系统治疗及介入治疗的联合方案种类繁多,不同方案间的转化成功率差异较大(表2),所以还需进一步评估和优化联合方案以提高转化成功率。除此之外,还必须强调多学科诊疗(multi-disciplinary team,MDT)模式在ICC转化治疗中的关键作用。MDT可以综合不同学科的观点取长补短,在转化治疗的病例选择、制定个体化治疗策略、疗效评估、手术时机选择及不良反应处理等方面发挥重要作用,为提高转化治疗成功率提供质量保证。

表2  介入联合系统治疗方案及其转化成功率
Table 2  Interventional combined systemic therapy regimens and their conversion success rates
作者治疗方案研究设计时间转化成功率疾病
Sumiyoshi, [49] 放疗+S-1 回顾性研究 2018 73.3%(11/15) BTC
Yuan, [52] TACE+仑伐替尼 回顾性研究 2022 63.6%(28/44) ICC
Martin, [53] TACE+GC/GC 随机对照研究 2022 8%(2/25)/25%(6/24) ICC
Huang, [54] HAIC+仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 回顾性研究 2024 6.5%(3/46) ICC
Zhao, [55] HAIC+仑伐替尼+度伐利尤单抗 回顾性研究 2024 10.7%(3/28) ICC
Cercek, [56] HAIC+GEMOX Ⅱ期临床试验 2020 9.5%(4/42) ICC
Lin, [57] HAIC+仑伐替尼+PD-(L)1抑制剂/化疗+PD-(L)1抑制剂 回顾性研究 2024 9.5%(4/42)/2%(150) ICC
Ni, [58] HAIC+吉西他滨+仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 回顾性研究 2024 19%(4/21) ICC
Edeline, [60] 90Y-SIRT+GC Ⅱ期临床试验 2019 22%(9/41) ICC
Qian, [61] 90Y-SIRT+化疗 回顾性研究 2024 35.7%(10/28) ICC
Paul Wright, [62] HAIC/TACE 回顾性研究 2018 12.5%(2/16)/5%(2/40) ICC
Schiffman, [63] TACE+GEMOX 前瞻性研究 2010 15%(3/20) ICC
Konstantinidis, [64] HAIC+吉西他滨/吉西他滨 回顾性研究 2016 5%(4/80)/4.3%(4/93) ICC
Kemeny[65] HAIC+贝伐珠单抗+5-FU 回顾性研究 2011 16.7%(3/18) ICC
Jarnagin[66] HAIC Ⅱ期临床试验 2009 3.8%(1/26) ICC
Cantore, [67] HAIC Ⅱ期临床试验 2005 3%(1/33) BTC
Massani, [68] HAIC 回顾性研究 2015 27.3%(3/11) CCA
Ghiringhelli, [69] HAIC 回顾性研究 2014 16.7%(2/12) ICC
Higaki, [70] HAIC+S-1 回顾性研究 2018 25%(3/12) ICC
Mouli, [71] 90Y-SIRT 回顾性研究 2013 10.9% (5/46) ICC
Rayar, [72] 90Y-SIRT+GC 回顾性研究 2015 17.8%(8/45) ICC

注:  S-1:替吉奥

Note:  S-1: Tegafur gimeracil oteracil potassium (Tegio)

2 针对外科学不可切除ICC的转化治疗

局部晚期ICC常需行大范围肝切除术以达到R0切除的目标。为获得足够的FLR,可采取经门静脉栓塞(portal vein embolization,PVE)、肝脏离断和门静脉结扎二步肝切除术(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy,ALPPS)、同时性双静脉栓塞术(simultaneous dual hepatic vascular embolization, DHVE)等方法,从而提高手术安全性。

2.1 PVE/DHVE

PVE最初用于FLR不足的肝门部胆管癌来促进FLR增生。研[

73]表明,PVE后的临床成功率(栓塞后FLR足够大到允许手术切除)可达96%。但ICC进展快,且PVE后至手术切除通常需要等待4~8周的时间,在此期间,肿瘤可能会出现进展,从而导致预后不[74],因此单独PVE用于ICC的研究尚未见报道。Haruki[75]报道了1例肝内转移且侵犯肝后下腔静脉的ICC在接受GC化疗后肿瘤显著缩小,予DHVE诱导FLR增大后成功行右三叶肝切除术。PVE也可序贯肝静脉栓塞(hepatic vein embolization,HVE)使用。一项回顾性研[76]显示,32例FLR不足的BTC在接受序贯PVE-HVE后,有28例(87.5%)最终获得了手术切除,5年OS率为30%。其中3例ICC均成功二次手术切除,值得注意的是有1例患者在栓塞后出现肿瘤快速生长,术后仅存活11个月。鉴于报道的样本量有限,PVE联合HVE在ICC转化治疗中的有效性和安全性有待验证。

2.2 ALPPS

ALPPS手术可在短期(1~2周)内快速促进FLR增生,成功率相比PVE更高,但同时有更高的并发症发生[

77]。一项前瞻性研[78]显示接受ALPPS的14例局部晚期ICC,有12例(86%)完成了2期手术,mOS为4.2年,3年OS率为64%。Li[79]的研究显示,102例局部晚期ICC接受ALPPS后有87例(85%)实现了R0切除,相比单独化疗可显著提高3年OS率(39.6% vs. 11.3%,P=0.01),进一步亚组分析显示生存获益仅见于单发肿瘤组。因此笔者认为,考虑到ALPPS手术的创伤及高并发症发生率,应该审慎地、有选择地使用ALPSS,FLR不足的多发ICC可能不适合行ALPPS手术。

3 ICC转化治疗面临的问题

如前所述,ICC的转化治疗虽然近年来取得了长足的进步,但仍面临诸多困境和争议性问题:⑴ 公认的有效治疗方案尚缺乏,即使在靶免治疗广泛应用的今天,现有各种治疗方案及组合的总体转化成功率仍难尽人意;⑵ 治疗方案选择及疗效预测不明确,尽管目前转化治疗的方案众多,但如何选择治疗方案及其潜在的获益人群尚不明确,仍缺乏有效的疗效预测模型或生物标志物;⑶ 转化治疗周期及手术时机无共识,各医疗中心在ICC转化治疗的周期及手术时机等方面仍存在较大差异,尤其是对获得客观缓解并达到手术切除标准后,何时手术干预尚无定论;⑷ 转化切除是否一定能带来生存获益不清楚,尚缺乏大样本的长期随访数据来证明转化切除的必要性和有效性,特别是对达到临床完全缓解的患者是否仍需手术切除尚存争议。鉴于当前ICC转化治疗研究大多为小样本、回顾性研究或个案报道,缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,且绝大多数研究纳入了多种类型的BTC,未考虑到不同部位BTC的异质性。因此,上述种种问题尚无明确答案。

4 总结与展望

综上,随着系统治疗药物和局部治疗技术的发展,ICC转化治疗方法和手段日益丰富,治疗策略及理念正在不断更新,为改善ICC患者的预后带来了新的希望。然而,如何开发有效的治疗方案,针对不同患者优化治疗策略,个体化精准施治,提高转化成功率并最终延长患者的生存,仍是我们面临的挑战。现阶段亟需开展更多高质量的前瞻性、多中心、大样本的基础和临床研究,回答争议问题并达成共识,推动ICC转化治疗向规范化和个体化发展,从而改善患者预后,实现真正生存获益。

作者贡献声明

苏天杭负责收集文献及撰写论文;雷正清负责校对、修改文稿;程张军负责选题、指导写作、修改文稿及定稿。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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