摘要
肝内胆管癌(ICC)是一种高侵袭性的肝脏恶性肿瘤,起病隐匿、进展快,多数患者确诊时已处于晚期,无法行根治性手术切除,总体预后较差。如何将初始不可切除ICC通过多模式的综合治疗转化成可切除ICC,对延长患者的生存具有重要意义。近年来,随着免疫治疗、靶向治疗在晚期ICC中应用,以及外科手术、放射治疗、肝动脉灌注化疗、选择性内放射治疗等局部治疗的技术改进,结合治疗策略和理念的更新,使得部分初始不可切除ICC通过多种治疗手段将肿瘤降期后获得手术切除,为提高转化切除成功率和改善患者预后带来了新的希望。然而,ICC转化治疗仍然面临着诸多的困境和争议,包括尚无公认的标准治疗方案、总体转化成功率有限、缺乏长期的随访数据证明转化切除后的生存获益、达到临床完全缓解的患者是否需要切除或是观察等诸多问题亟待解决。鉴于目前ICC转化治疗研究大多为小样本、回顾性研究或个案报道,缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,且绝大多数研究纳入了多种类型的胆道癌,未考虑到不同部位胆道癌的异质性,相关研究结果对ICC转化治疗策略选择的借鉴意义有限。当前,迫切需要开展高质量的多中心、大样本、前瞻性临床研究及基础研究,探索起效快、高客观缓解率和安全性良好的ICC转化治疗的优选方案,识别不同治疗方案的潜在优势人群,制定个体化的治疗策略,从而提高转化成功率,最终改善患者的预后。本文针对不可切除ICC转化治疗的进展进行综述,以期为临床提供参考。
肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)是一种起源于肝内胆管上皮细胞第二常见的原发性肝癌,其病死率在全球范围内呈上升趋
造成ICC不可切除的原因主要有两类:一是外科学不可切除,包括剩余肝体积(future liver remnant,FLR)不足、患者不能耐受手术、肝功能不能耐受等;二是肿瘤学或生物学不可切除,是指技术上可切除,但切除后并不能获得比非手术治疗更好的效
胆道癌(biliary tract carcinoma,BTC)中,ICC相比肝外胆管癌(extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ECC)而言对化疗相对敏
以程序性死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)在ICC中表现出优于化疗的疗效,为转化治疗提供了新思路。但ICI单药治疗对BTC的疗效有限,日本的Japic-CTI153098研
近2年来,随着TOPAZ-1和KEYNOTE-966研
免疫联合靶向治疗是潜在可切除肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)转化治疗的主要方式之
相比免疫联合TKI靶向治疗,免疫联合TKI加化疗的三联方案在临床中的应用及研究较为广泛。Shi
以上研究结果提示,不同的免疫联合治疗方案对不可切除BTC均有一定的转化成功率,但不同方案间有效性比较的研究较少。笔者团队的一项针对晚期不可切除ICC的多中心回顾性研
ICC表现出显著的异质性,使得ICC可从精准靶向治疗中获
FGFR突变是ICC中相对常见同时也是研究最多的靶点。佩米替尼(FGFR抑制剂)是美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准的第1个用于治疗FGFR突变BTC的靶向药物。FIGHT-202研
IDH1/2突变是ICC中另一种常见的突变,约13%的ICC存在IDH1基因突
HER突变在BTC中主要发生在ECC及肝门部胆管癌(19.9%),而ICC中仅约4.8
ICC中BRAF基因的突变率约3.0%~7.1
精准靶向治疗为ICC转化治疗带来了新的希望,但由于ICC中上述靶点的突变率并不高,限制了相关靶向药物的临床应用。因此,多药联合的系统治疗在ICC转化治疗中的应用更为广泛(
作者 | 治疗方案 | 研究设计 | 时间 | 转化成功率 | 疾病 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kato, | 吉西他滨 | 回顾性研究 | 2013 | 36.4%(8/22) | ICC |
Le Roy, | 化疗及联合治疗 | 回顾性研究 | 2017 | 53%(39/74) | ICC |
Shroff, | GAP | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2019 | 20%(12/60) | BTC |
Maithel, | GAP | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2023 | 73%(22/30) | ICC |
Choi , | GAP | 回顾性研究 | 2023 | 56.6%(73/129) | CCA |
Madzikatire , | 化疗+PD-(L)1抑制剂 | 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 5.9%(3/51) | ICC |
Zhang, | 仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2021 | 34.2%(13/38) | BTC |
Zhou, | 特瑞普利单抗+仑伐替尼 | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2021 | 6.5%(2/31) | ICC |
Shi, | GEMOX+仑伐替尼+特瑞普利单抗 | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2023 | 10%(3/30) | ICC |
Dong, | GC+仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 | 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 4%(2/50) | ICC |
Gruenberger, | GEMOX+西妥昔单抗 | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2010 | 30%(9/30) | BTC |
Malka, | GEMOX+西妥昔单抗/GEMOX | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2014 | 1%(1/76)/8%(6/74) | BTC |
Subbiah, | 曲美替尼+达拉非尼 | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2020 | 11.6%(5/43) | BTC |
Cho, | GC+5-FU+放疗 | 回顾性研究 | 2017 | 12.5%(8/64) | ICC |
Ulusakarya, | FOLFIRINOX | 回顾性研究 | 2020 | 14.3%(6/42) | BTC |
Kato, | GC | 回顾性研究 | 2015 | 25.6%(10/39) | BTC |
注: FOLFIRINOX:伊立替康+奥沙利铂+5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)+亮菌素
Note: FOLFIRINOX: irinotecan + oxaliplatin + 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) + leucovorin
针对晚期ICC的局部治疗方式主要包括放射治疗以及经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、经肝动脉灌注化疗术(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, HAIC)、选择性内放疗术(selective internal radiation therapy,SIRT)等介入治疗。但是单独局部治疗对ICC疗效有限,临床应用较少,通常与系统治疗联合使用。
一项小样本研
经动脉途径介入治疗在HCC治疗中占据着举足轻重的地位。由于其通过栓塞肿瘤血供或直接杀伤肿瘤细胞起效,因此在ICC的转化治疗中也发挥着一定的作用。⑴ 系统治疗联合TACE:TACE是一种通过导管技术找到并栓塞肿瘤的供血动脉,同时将抗肿瘤药物注入肿瘤区域进行局部化疗,从而阻断血供并持续杀灭肿瘤细胞的方法。一项回顾性研
系统治疗及介入治疗的联合方案种类繁多,不同方案间的转化成功率差异较大(
作者 | 治疗方案 | 研究设计 | 时间 | 转化成功率 | 疾病 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sumiyoshi, | 放疗+S-1 | 回顾性研究 | 2018 | 73.3%(11/15) | BTC |
Yuan, | TACE+仑伐替尼 | 回顾性研究 | 2022 | 63.6%(28/44) | ICC |
Martin, | TACE+GC/GC | 随机对照研究 | 2022 | 8%(2/25)/25%(6/24) | ICC |
Huang, | HAIC+仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 | 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 6.5%(3/46) | ICC |
Zhao, | HAIC+仑伐替尼+度伐利尤单抗 | 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 10.7%(3/28) | ICC |
Cercek, | HAIC+GEMOX | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2020 | 9.5%(4/42) | ICC |
Lin, | HAIC+仑伐替尼+PD-(L)1抑制剂/化疗+PD-(L)1抑制剂 | 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 9.5%(4/42)/2%(150) | ICC |
Ni, | HAIC+吉西他滨+仑伐替尼+PD-1抑制剂 | 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 19%(4/21) | ICC |
Edeline, |
| Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2019 | 22%(9/41) | ICC |
Qian, |
| 回顾性研究 | 2024 | 35.7%(10/28) | ICC |
Paul Wright, | HAIC/TACE | 回顾性研究 | 2018 | 12.5%(2/16)/5%(2/40) | ICC |
Schiffman, | TACE+GEMOX | 前瞻性研究 | 2010 | 15%(3/20) | ICC |
Konstantinidis, | HAIC+吉西他滨/吉西他滨 | 回顾性研究 | 2016 | 5%(4/80)/4.3%(4/93) | ICC |
Kemeny | HAIC+贝伐珠单抗+5-FU | 回顾性研究 | 2011 | 16.7%(3/18) | ICC |
Jarnagin | HAIC | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2009 | 3.8%(1/26) | ICC |
Cantore, | HAIC | Ⅱ期临床试验 | 2005 | 3%(1/33) | BTC |
Massani, | HAIC | 回顾性研究 | 2015 | 27.3%(3/11) | CCA |
Ghiringhelli, | HAIC | 回顾性研究 | 2014 | 16.7%(2/12) | ICC |
Higaki, | HAIC+S-1 | 回顾性研究 | 2018 | 25%(3/12) | ICC |
Mouli, |
| 回顾性研究 | 2013 | 10.9% (5/46) | ICC |
Rayar, |
| 回顾性研究 | 2015 | 17.8%(8/45) | ICC |
注: S-1:替吉奥
Note: S-1: Tegafur gimeracil oteracil potassium (Tegio)
局部晚期ICC常需行大范围肝切除术以达到R0切除的目标。为获得足够的FLR,可采取经门静脉栓塞(portal vein embolization,PVE)、肝脏离断和门静脉结扎二步肝切除术(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy,ALPPS)、同时性双静脉栓塞术(simultaneous dual hepatic vascular embolization, DHVE)等方法,从而提高手术安全性。
PVE最初用于FLR不足的肝门部胆管癌来促进FLR增生。研
ALPPS手术可在短期(1~2周)内快速促进FLR增生,成功率相比PVE更高,但同时有更高的并发症发生
如前所述,ICC的转化治疗虽然近年来取得了长足的进步,但仍面临诸多困境和争议性问题:⑴ 公认的有效治疗方案尚缺乏,即使在靶免治疗广泛应用的今天,现有各种治疗方案及组合的总体转化成功率仍难尽人意;⑵ 治疗方案选择及疗效预测不明确,尽管目前转化治疗的方案众多,但如何选择治疗方案及其潜在的获益人群尚不明确,仍缺乏有效的疗效预测模型或生物标志物;⑶ 转化治疗周期及手术时机无共识,各医疗中心在ICC转化治疗的周期及手术时机等方面仍存在较大差异,尤其是对获得客观缓解并达到手术切除标准后,何时手术干预尚无定论;⑷ 转化切除是否一定能带来生存获益不清楚,尚缺乏大样本的长期随访数据来证明转化切除的必要性和有效性,特别是对达到临床完全缓解的患者是否仍需手术切除尚存争议。鉴于当前ICC转化治疗研究大多为小样本、回顾性研究或个案报道,缺乏高级别的循证医学证据,且绝大多数研究纳入了多种类型的BTC,未考虑到不同部位BTC的异质性。因此,上述种种问题尚无明确答案。
综上,随着系统治疗药物和局部治疗技术的发展,ICC转化治疗方法和手段日益丰富,治疗策略及理念正在不断更新,为改善ICC患者的预后带来了新的希望。然而,如何开发有效的治疗方案,针对不同患者优化治疗策略,个体化精准施治,提高转化成功率并最终延长患者的生存,仍是我们面临的挑战。现阶段亟需开展更多高质量的前瞻性、多中心、大样本的基础和临床研究,回答争议问题并达成共识,推动ICC转化治疗向规范化和个体化发展,从而改善患者预后,实现真正生存获益。
作者贡献声明
苏天杭负责收集文献及撰写论文;雷正清负责校对、修改文稿;程张军负责选题、指导写作、修改文稿及定稿。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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